calu函数python calur
calutime在python中是什么意思
可以告诉你没区别吗。
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u'string' 表示 已经是 unicode 编码的 'string' 字符串
而 unicode('string') 是 即将要把 'string' 转化为 unicode 编码(但在执行这条语句之前,还不一定是unicode编码)
文件开始,是整体中的字符编码。一般使用 #coding:utf-8 最好还是使用utf-8
求n!,n由用户从键盘输入,其中子函数使用迭代方式来实现 提示使用函数
public class Factorial {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("请输入一个整数:");
Integer number = scanner.nextInt();
System.out.println("您输入的整数为:" + number + "正在为您计算阶乘。。。");
Integer integer=caluater(number);
System.out.println("您输入的整数为:" + number + "阶乘为:"+integer);
}
private static Integer caluater(Integer number) {
int i = 1;
Integer sum = 0;
if(i==number){//等于1的时候跳出循环
return 1;
}else {
sum = number * caluater(number - 1);//递归调用
return sum;
}
}
}
如何用Python实现支持向量机
#SVM.py
from numpy import *
import time
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# calulate kernel value
def calcKernelValue(matrix_x, sample_x, kernelOption):
kernelType = kernelOption[0]
numSamples = matrix_x.shape[0]
kernelValue = mat(zeros((numSamples, 1)))
if kernelType == 'linear':
kernelValue = matrix_x * sample_x.T
elif kernelType == 'rbf':
sigma = kernelOption[1]
if sigma == 0:
sigma = 1.0
for i in xrange(numSamples):
diff = matrix_x[i, :] - sample_x
kernelValue[i] = exp(diff * diff.T / (-2.0 * sigma**2))
else:
raise NameError('Not support kernel type! You can use linear or rbf!')
return kernelValue
# calculate kernel matrix given train set and kernel type
def calcKernelMatrix(train_x, kernelOption):
numSamples = train_x.shape[0]
kernelMatrix = mat(zeros((numSamples, numSamples)))
for i in xrange(numSamples):
kernelMatrix[:, i] = calcKernelValue(train_x, train_x[i, :], kernelOption)
return kernelMatrix
# define a struct just for storing variables and data
class SVMStruct:
def __init__(self, dataSet, labels, C, toler, kernelOption):
self.train_x = dataSet # each row stands for a sample
self.train_y = labels # corresponding label
self.C = C # slack variable
self.toler = toler # termination condition for iteration
self.numSamples = dataSet.shape[0] # number of samples
self.alphas = mat(zeros((self.numSamples, 1))) # Lagrange factors for all samples
self.b = 0
self.errorCache = mat(zeros((self.numSamples, 2)))
self.kernelOpt = kernelOption
self.kernelMat = calcKernelMatrix(self.train_x, self.kernelOpt)
# calculate the error for alpha k
def calcError(svm, alpha_k):
output_k = float(multiply(svm.alphas, svm.train_y).T * svm.kernelMat[:, alpha_k] + svm.b)
error_k = output_k - float(svm.train_y[alpha_k])
return error_k
# update the error cache for alpha k after optimize alpha k
def updateError(svm, alpha_k):
error = calcError(svm, alpha_k)
svm.errorCache[alpha_k] = [1, error]
# select alpha j which has the biggest step
def selectAlpha_j(svm, alpha_i, error_i):
svm.errorCache[alpha_i] = [1, error_i] # mark as valid(has been optimized)
candidateAlphaList = nonzero(svm.errorCache[:, 0].A)[0] # mat.A return array
maxStep = 0; alpha_j = 0; error_j = 0
# find the alpha with max iterative step
if len(candidateAlphaList) 1:
for alpha_k in candidateAlphaList:
if alpha_k == alpha_i:
continue
error_k = calcError(svm, alpha_k)
if abs(error_k - error_i) maxStep:
maxStep = abs(error_k - error_i)
alpha_j = alpha_k
error_j = error_k
# if came in this loop first time, we select alpha j randomly
else:
alpha_j = alpha_i
while alpha_j == alpha_i:
alpha_j = int(random.uniform(0, svm.numSamples))
error_j = calcError(svm, alpha_j)
return alpha_j, error_j
# the inner loop for optimizing alpha i and alpha j
def innerLoop(svm, alpha_i):
error_i = calcError(svm, alpha_i)
### check and pick up the alpha who violates the KKT condition
## satisfy KKT condition
# 1) yi*f(i) = 1 and alpha == 0 (outside the boundary)
# 2) yi*f(i) == 1 and 0alpha C (on the boundary)
# 3) yi*f(i) = 1 and alpha == C (between the boundary)
## violate KKT condition
# because y[i]*E_i = y[i]*f(i) - y[i]^2 = y[i]*f(i) - 1, so
# 1) if y[i]*E_i 0, so yi*f(i) 1, if alpha C, violate!(alpha = C will be correct)
# 2) if y[i]*E_i 0, so yi*f(i) 1, if alpha 0, violate!(alpha = 0 will be correct)
# 3) if y[i]*E_i = 0, so yi*f(i) = 1, it is on the boundary, needless optimized
if (svm.train_y[alpha_i] * error_i -svm.toler) and (svm.alphas[alpha_i] svm.C) or\
(svm.train_y[alpha_i] * error_i svm.toler) and (svm.alphas[alpha_i] 0):
# step 1: select alpha j
alpha_j, error_j = selectAlpha_j(svm, alpha_i, error_i)
alpha_i_old = svm.alphas[alpha_i].copy()
alpha_j_old = svm.alphas[alpha_j].copy()
# step 2: calculate the boundary L and H for alpha j
if svm.train_y[alpha_i] != svm.train_y[alpha_j]:
L = max(0, svm.alphas[alpha_j] - svm.alphas[alpha_i])
H = min(svm.C, svm.C + svm.alphas[alpha_j] - svm.alphas[alpha_i])
else:
L = max(0, svm.alphas[alpha_j] + svm.alphas[alpha_i] - svm.C)
H = min(svm.C, svm.alphas[alpha_j] + svm.alphas[alpha_i])
if L == H:
return 0
# step 3: calculate eta (the similarity of sample i and j)
eta = 2.0 * svm.kernelMat[alpha_i, alpha_j] - svm.kernelMat[alpha_i, alpha_i] \
- svm.kernelMat[alpha_j, alpha_j]
if eta = 0:
return 0
# step 4: update alpha j
svm.alphas[alpha_j] -= svm.train_y[alpha_j] * (error_i - error_j) / eta
# step 5: clip alpha j
if svm.alphas[alpha_j] H:
svm.alphas[alpha_j] = H
if svm.alphas[alpha_j] L:
svm.alphas[alpha_j] = L
# step 6: if alpha j not moving enough, just return
if abs(alpha_j_old - svm.alphas[alpha_j]) 0.00001:
updateError(svm, alpha_j)
return 0
# step 7: update alpha i after optimizing aipha j
svm.alphas[alpha_i] += svm.train_y[alpha_i] * svm.train_y[alpha_j] \
* (alpha_j_old - svm.alphas[alpha_j])
# step 8: update threshold b
b1 = svm.b - error_i - svm.train_y[alpha_i] * (svm.alphas[alpha_i] - alpha_i_old) \
* svm.kernelMat[alpha_i, alpha_i] \
- svm.train_y[alpha_j] * (svm.alphas[alpha_j] - alpha_j_old) \
* svm.kernelMat[alpha_i, alpha_j]
b2 = svm.b - error_j - svm.train_y[alpha_i] * (svm.alphas[alpha_i] - alpha_i_old) \
* svm.kernelMat[alpha_i, alpha_j] \
- svm.train_y[alpha_j] * (svm.alphas[alpha_j] - alpha_j_old) \
* svm.kernelMat[alpha_j, alpha_j]
if (0 svm.alphas[alpha_i]) and (svm.alphas[alpha_i] svm.C):
svm.b = b1
elif (0 svm.alphas[alpha_j]) and (svm.alphas[alpha_j] svm.C):
svm.b = b2
else:
svm.b = (b1 + b2) / 2.0
# step 9: update error cache for alpha i, j after optimize alpha i, j and b
updateError(svm, alpha_j)
updateError(svm, alpha_i)
return 1
else:
return 0
# the main training procedure
def trainSVM(train_x, train_y, C, toler, maxIter, kernelOption = ('rbf', 1.0)):
# calculate training time
startTime = time.time()
# init data struct for svm
svm = SVMStruct(mat(train_x), mat(train_y), C, toler, kernelOption)
# start training
entireSet = True
alphaPairsChanged = 0
iterCount = 0
# Iteration termination condition:
# Condition 1: reach max iteration
# Condition 2: no alpha changed after going through all samples,
# in other words, all alpha (samples) fit KKT condition
while (iterCount maxIter) and ((alphaPairsChanged 0) or entireSet):
alphaPairsChanged = 0
# update alphas over all training examples
if entireSet:
for i in xrange(svm.numSamples):
alphaPairsChanged += innerLoop(svm, i)
print '---iter:%d entire set, alpha pairs changed:%d' % (iterCount, alphaPairsChanged)
iterCount += 1
# update alphas over examples where alpha is not 0 not C (not on boundary)
else:
nonBoundAlphasList = nonzero((svm.alphas.A 0) * (svm.alphas.A svm.C))[0]
for i in nonBoundAlphasList:
alphaPairsChanged += innerLoop(svm, i)
print '---iter:%d non boundary, alpha pairs changed:%d' % (iterCount, alphaPairsChanged)
iterCount += 1
# alternate loop over all examples and non-boundary examples
if entireSet:
entireSet = False
elif alphaPairsChanged == 0:
entireSet = True
print 'Congratulations, training complete! Took %fs!' % (time.time() - startTime)
return svm
# testing your trained svm model given test set
def testSVM(svm, test_x, test_y):
test_x = mat(test_x)
test_y = mat(test_y)
numTestSamples = test_x.shape[0]
supportVectorsIndex = nonzero(svm.alphas.A 0)[0]
supportVectors = svm.train_x[supportVectorsIndex]
supportVectorLabels = svm.train_y[supportVectorsIndex]
supportVectorAlphas = svm.alphas[supportVectorsIndex]
matchCount = 0
for i in xrange(numTestSamples):
kernelValue = calcKernelValue(supportVectors, test_x[i, :], svm.kernelOpt)
predict = kernelValue.T * multiply(supportVectorLabels, supportVectorAlphas) + svm.b
if sign(predict) == sign(test_y[i]):
matchCount += 1
accuracy = float(matchCount) / numTestSamples
return accuracy
# show your trained svm model only available with 2-D data
def showSVM(svm):
if svm.train_x.shape[1] != 2:
print "Sorry! I can not draw because the dimension of your data is not 2!"
return 1
# draw all samples
for i in xrange(svm.numSamples):
if svm.train_y[i] == -1:
plt.plot(svm.train_x[i, 0], svm.train_x[i, 1], 'or')
elif svm.train_y[i] == 1:
plt.plot(svm.train_x[i, 0], svm.train_x[i, 1], 'ob')
# mark support vectors
supportVectorsIndex = nonzero(svm.alphas.A 0)[0]
for i in supportVectorsIndex:
plt.plot(svm.train_x[i, 0], svm.train_x[i, 1], 'oy')
# draw the classify line
w = zeros((2, 1))
for i in supportVectorsIndex:
w += multiply(svm.alphas[i] * svm.train_y[i], svm.train_x[i, :].T)
min_x = min(svm.train_x[:, 0])[0, 0]
max_x = max(svm.train_x[:, 0])[0, 0]
y_min_x = float(-svm.b - w[0] * min_x) / w[1]
y_max_x = float(-svm.b - w[0] * max_x) / w[1]
plt.plot([min_x, max_x], [y_min_x, y_max_x], '-g')
plt.show()
#test_SVM.py
from numpy import *
import SVM
## step 1: load data
print "step 1: load data..."
dataSet = []
labels = []
fileIn = open('E:/Python/Machine Learning in Action/testSet.txt')
for line in fileIn.readlines():
lineArr = line.strip().split('\t')
dataSet.append([float(lineArr[0]), float(lineArr[1])])
labels.append(float(lineArr[2]))
dataSet = mat(dataSet)
labels = mat(labels).T
train_x = dataSet[0:81, :]
train_y = labels[0:81, :]
test_x = dataSet[80:101, :]
test_y = labels[80:101, :]
## step 2: training...
print "step 2: training..."
C = 0.6
toler = 0.001
maxIter = 50
svmClassifier = SVM.trainSVM(train_x, train_y, C, toler, maxIter, kernelOption = ('linear', 0))
## step 3: testing
print "step 3: testing..."
accuracy = SVM.testSVM(svmClassifier, test_x, test_y)
## step 4: show the result
print "step 4: show the result..."
print 'The classify accuracy is: %.3f%%' % (accuracy * 100)
SVM.showSVM(svmClassifier)
可以去下面的网址,有详细讲解。
参考资料:
C语言编程在主函数中输入一个字符串利用函数求得字符串中大写字母小写字母数字字符空格及其他字符的个数
#include stdio.h
#include ctype.h
int main(void)
{
char ch[100];
void count(char * p);
printf("请输入字符串 : ");
gets(ch);
count(ch);
return 0;
}
void count(char * p)
{
int upp=0, low=0, digi=0, spa=0, oth=0;
for (int i = 0; p[i]; ++i)
{
if (isupper(p[i]))
upp++;
else if (islower(p[i]))
low++;
else if (isspace(p[i]))
spa++;
else if (isdigit(p[i]))
digi++;
else
oth++;
}
printf("大写 = %d\n小写 = %d\n空格 = %d\n数字 = %d\n其他 = %d\n", upp, low, digi, spa, oth);
}
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