PIX--failover-创新互联

Failover

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概述

Failover与我们前面学习的HSRP很像,都可以说是提供故障恢复的功能。

1.Active与Standby

  • 设备的健康状况是通过LAN-FO接口来监控的(类似于心跳线,也是通过一条线来连接两个PIX,实现状态监控、复制配置、状态转移);

  • 两个设备一个被配置为Primary设备,另一个作为Secondary设备(Primary和Secondary是一个物理概念);

  • 一个设备被选为Active(转发流量),另一个被选为Standby(等待、备份)。两个状态为逻辑概念;

如何成为Active?

当一台防火墙启动的时候,就开始了一个选举的进程(以下都是基于两台设备为健康状态)

  • 如果检测多一个正在协商的设备处于FO的另一端,此时Primary设备成为Active状态并转发数据,Secondary设备成为Standby状态,成为备份设备;

  • 如果检测到一个Active设备,自己转换为Standby状态;

  • 如果在FO的另一端没有检测到设备,自己成为Active状态;

  • 如果成为Active后,检测到FO另一端有Active设备,两台设备重新协商。

注:Primary、Secondary与Active、Standby的区分?

  • Primary、Secondary是物理概念,指的是物理设备本身在Failover中所处的角色;

  • Active、Standby是逻辑概念,指的是设备的状态,是否处于转发数据的状态;

  • Active状态不一定指的是Primary设备,也可以是Secondary设备,Standby状态同理。

2.如何切换

正常切换

Active设备出现故障时,处于Standby的设备(如果是健康的)将成为Active转发数据。

切换发生时

  • Standby设备在所有接口上继承原来Active设备的属性(IP和MAC);

  • 但是,FO一台口上的地址保持不变。

3.管理

  • 只需在Active设备上进行配置即可;active设备上的配置都会自动被复制到Standby设备上;

  • 通过Standby设备的standby IP可以对此设备进行基本的监控和管理

4.部署Failover设备的必要条件

硬件需求

  • 相同硬件型号;

  • 相同数量和类型的接口;

  • 相同类型的SSM模块;

  • 相同内存。

软件需求

  • 相同操作模式;

  • 相同主板和子版本。

授权需求

  • 不必一样的授权,只需FO授权即可。

5.部署方式

注:是针对FO接口来说的

无状态化FO

  • 仅仅只是普通的硬件冗余而已;

  • 当故障切换发生时,所有已经建立的连接中断,必须重新连接。

状态化FO

  • 提供更加强大的冗余---状态会话表项的冗余;

  • 故障切换时,连接依旧保持;用户不必重新连接;

  • 两个设备之间需要提供一个状态换链路(LAN-FO之外的其他链路)

6.接口类型

  • LAN-FO接口:确定每一个设备的运行状态并复制和同步配置;

  • LAN-FO接口(状态化接口):传递状态信息到Standby设备,可以是一个独立接口,也可以和其他接口共享,包括FO接口,但是不推荐,一般为独立接口。

7.健康监控

单元(即设备)健康监控

  • 通过监控FO链路来确认其他单元的健康状况;

  • 设备通过FO接口来交换Hello消息;

  • 当收不到来自与Active设备的响应时,切换发生。

接口健康监控

  • 每个网络接口都可以被监控;

  • 设备通过控制接×××换Hello消息

  • 当Active设备上一个被指定为监控的接口出现故障时,切换发生。

8.部署方针

部署FO接口时,考虑如下的部署方针

  • 可以使用密钥来保护FO通讯

  • 如果状态化链路和FO链路共享接口,需要使用一个可用的高速率接口,最好不要让 状态化链路和普通数据接口共享一个物理接口;

  • 调整FO的各项参数来实现快速切换

  • 在Active和standby设备上手动置顶MAC地址,来阻止一些可能阻断网络流量的偶然事件

  • 在所有连接防火墙设备的交换机接口上,考虑配置快速端口(PortFast)。

注:如果FO接口坏掉,那么Failover将不能实现故障恢复的功能,FO相当于整个Failover的心脏,具有不可替代的作用。

配置实例

一.实验目的

  • 了解Failover的原理、作用及使用;

  • 掌握Failover的状态化和无状态化的区别;

  • 理解并掌握Failover的LAN-FO接口的类型(两种状态)及其重要性;

  • 掌握Faiover的配置。

二.实验拓扑

PIX--failover

如上:通过规划、配置,用两台PIX实现故障恢复功能。保证一台设备出问题之后另一台设备能继续工作。其中R1为Inside设备,R2为Outside设备

三.实验步骤

  • 无状态化

1.区域设备基本配置

-----------------------------------------R1配置-----------------------------------

R1(config)#inter fa0/0

R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.1  255.255.255.0

R1(config-if)#no shut

R1(config-if)#full-duplex

R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0  192.168.1.253

<指默认路由到PIX>

-----------------------------------------R2配置-----------------------------------

R2(config)#inter fa0/0

R2(config-if)#ip add 202.100.1.1  255.255.255.0

R2(config-if)#no shut

R2(config-if)#fu

R2(config-if)#full-duplex

R2(config-if)#exit

2.Primary设备配置

--------------------------------------------接口初始化配置----------------------------------

PIX1(config)# inter e0

PIX1(config-if)# nameif inside

PIX1(config-if)# ip add 192.168.1.253  255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.1.254

<配置主地址和Standby地址>

PIX1(config-if)# no shut

PIX1(config-if)# exit

<内部接口配置,默认级别为100>

PIX1(config)# inter e1

PIX1(config-if)# nameif outside

PIX1(config-if)# ip add 202.100.1.253  255.255.255.0 standby 202.100.1.254

PIX1(config-if)# no shut

PIX1(config-if)# exit

<外部接口配置,默认级别为0>

-----------------------------------------------配置FO---------------------

PIX1(config)# inter e2

PIX1(config-if)# no shut

PIX1(config-if)# exit

<启用接口>

PIX1(config)# failover lan unit primary

<把本设备指定为Primary设备>

PIX1(config)# failover lan interface FO  e2

<指定接口E2为FO链路,接口名为FO,此配置要敲2遍才能生效>

INFO: Non-failover interface config is  cleared on Ethernet2 and its sub-interfaces

PIX1(config)# failover lan interface FO  e2

PIX1(config)# failover key cisco

<设置FO之间传输的加密密钥>

PIX1(config)# failover interface ip FO  172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 standby 172.16.1.2

<设置FO链路两端的IP地址>

PIX1(config)# failover

<启用Failover>

Secondary配置

PIX2(config)# inter e2

PIX2(config-if)# no shut

PIX2(config-if)# exit

PIX2(config)# failover lan unit secondary

PIX2(config)# failover lan interface FO  e2

INFO: Non-failover interface config is  cleared on Ethernet2 and its sub-interfaces

PIX2(config)# failover lan interface FO  e2

PIX2(config)# failover key cisco

PIX2(config)# failover interface ip FO  172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 standby 172.16.2

PIX2(config)# failover

配置完成后,两台设备开始协商选择Active,并同步配置

State check detected an Active mate

Beginning configuration replication from  mate.

End configuration replication from mate.

<点击回车完成>

此时,无状态的failover已经完成。PIX2同步PIX1的配置后,自己主机名也成为PIX1,并复制所有PIX1的配置到自己。

查看PIX状态

---------------------------------------查看PIX1状态--------------------

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Primary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 06:42:20 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This host: Primary - Active

               Active time: 405 (sec)

                  Interface inside (192.168.1.253): Normal

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Unknown (Waiting)

        Other  host: Secondary - Standby Ready

               Active time: 120 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.254): Normal

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Unknown (Waiting)

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : Unconfigured.

-------------------------------------------------查看PIX2状态---------------------------

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Secondary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 06:44:35 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This host: Secondary - Standby Ready

               Active time: 120 (sec)

                  Interface inside (192.168.1.254): Normal

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Unknown (Waiting)

        Other  host: Primary - Active

               Active time: 480 (sec)

                 Interface  inside (192.168.1.253): Normal

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Unknown (Waiting)

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : Unconfigured.

<虽然PIX2的主机名变为了PIX1,但是根据状态我们还是能区分出来的>

验证无状态化连接

用R1telnet连接R2

R2(config)#lin vty 0 4

R2(config-line)#password gyh

R2(config-line)#login

R2(config-line)#exit

R1#telnet 202.100.1.1

Trying 202.100.1.1 ... Open

User Access Verification

Password:

R2>

<连接成功>

--------------------------------------------将R3-SW的fa1/1接口down------------------------------

R3-SW(config)#inter fa1/1

R3-SW(config-if)#shut

R3-SW(config-if)#

*Mar  1 01:20:49.651: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet1/1, changed  state to administratively down

*Mar  1 01:20:50.651: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface  FastEthernet1/1, changed state to down

--------------------------------------------查看R1的telnet连接状况--------------------------------

R2>

[Connection to 202.100.1.1 closed by  foreign host]

<连接直接中断>

----------------------------------------------查看PIX状态------------------------

PIX1(config)#

        Switching to Standby

PIX1(config)#

        Switching to Active

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Primary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 08:05:36 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This  host: Primary - Failed

               Active time: 2595 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.254): Failed  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Normal

        Other host: Secondary - Active

               Active time: 2340 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.253): Normal  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Normal

 

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : Unconfigured.

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Secondary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 08:07:57 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This host: Secondary - Active

               Active time: 2355 (sec)

                  Interface inside (192.168.1.253): Normal  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Normal

       Other host: Primary - Failed

               Active time: 2595 (sec)

                  Interface inside (192.168.1.254):  Failed (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Normal

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : Unconfigured.

  • 状态化

本实验在无状态化实验的基础上进行。

恢复正常的网络,开启R3-SW的fa1/1接口

R3-SW(config-if)#inter fa1/1

R3-SW(config-if)#no shut

*Mar  1 01:25:17.023: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface  FastEthernet1/1, changed state to up

手动让PIX1恢复为active状态

PIX1(config)# failover active

        Switching to Active

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Primary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 08:09:10 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This  host: Primary - Active

               Active time: 2595 (sec)

                 Interface inside  (192.168.1.253): Normal (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Normal (Waiting)

       Other host: Secondary - Standby Ready  

               Active time: 2475 (sec)

                  Interface inside (192.168.1.254):  Normal (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Normal (Waiting)

 

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : Unconfigured.

设置LAN-FO(状态化)接口

第一种情况:

把LAN-FO接口设置成stateful接口

PIX1(config)# failover  link FO e2

R1 telnet上R2

R1#telnet 202.100.1.1

Trying 202.100.1.1 ... Open

User Access Verification

Password:

R2>

关闭R3-SW的fa1/1接口

R3-SW(config-if)#inter fa1/1

R3-SW(config-if)#shut

*Mar  1 01:33:16.495: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet1/1, changed  state to administratively down

*Mar  1 01:33:17.495: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface  FastEthernet1/1, changed state to down

查看设备的Failover状态

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Primary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 08:46:42 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This  host: Primary - Failed

               Active time: 75 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.254): Failed  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Normal

        Other host: Secondary - Active

               Active time: 180 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.253): Normal  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Normal

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : FO Ethernet2 (up)

        Stateful Obj   xmit      xerr      rcv       rerr

        General        37        0         36        0

        sys cmd        33        0         33        0

       up time        0         0         0         0

        RPC services   0         0         0         0

        TCP conn       2         0         3         0

        UDP conn       0         0         0         0

        ARP tbl        2         0         0         0

        Xlate_Timeout  0         0         0         0

        ××× IKE upd    0         0         0         0

        ××× IPSEC upd  0         0          0         0

        ××× CTCP upd   0         0         0         0

        ××× SDI upd    0         0         0         0

        ××× DHCP upd   0         0         0         0

        Logical Update Queue Information

                       Cur    Max     Total

        Recv Q:        0      1       229

        Xmit Q:        0      2       94

在R1上回车,看连接R2的状态是否中断

R2>

R2>

R2>

R2>

R2>

<连接正常>

注:把stateful与FO接口设置成一条链路是我们不推荐的,所以,尽管这种方法可行,一般不使用。

第二种情况:

另接一条线,设置成stateful接口(FO链路与stateful链路分开)

PIX1(config)# inter e3

PIX1(config-if)# no shut

PIX1(config)# failover link stateful e3

<注:使用此命令时,会报ERROR: No change to the stateful interface的错误,但是命令依然可以起到作用,可以show run查看。这是模拟器的问题。请继续试验。>

PIX1(config)# failover interface ip  stateful 172.16.10.10 255.255.255.0 standby 172.16.10.11

验证

R1 telnet上R2

R1#telnet 202.100.1.1

Trying 202.100.1.1 ... Open

User Access Verification

Password:

R2>

关闭R3-SW的fa1/1接口

R3-SW(config-if)#inter fa1/1

R3-SW(config-if)#shut

*Mar  1 01:33:16.495: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet1/1, changed  state to administratively down

*Mar  1 01:33:17.495: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface  FastEthernet1/1, changed state to down

查看设备的Failover状态

PIX1(config)# show failover

Failover  On

Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover  enabled

Failover  unit Primary

Failover LAN Interface: FO Ethernet2 (up)

Unit Poll frequency 15 seconds, holdtime  45 seconds

Interface Poll frequency 5 seconds,  holdtime 25 seconds

Interface Policy 1

Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum

Version: Ours 7.2(2), Mate 7.2(2)

Last Failover at: 08:46:42 UTC Apr 8 2015

        This  host: Primary - Failed

               Active time: 75 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.254): Failed  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.254): Normal

        Other host: Secondary - Active

               Active time: 180 (sec)

                 Interface inside (192.168.1.253): Normal  (Waiting)

                 Interface outside  (202.100.1.253): Normal

Stateful Failover Logical Update  Statistics

        Link : FO Ethernet2 (up)

        Stateful Obj   xmit      xerr      rcv       rerr

        General        37        0         36        0

        sys cmd        33        0         33        0

        up time        0         0         0         0

        RPC services   0         0         0         0

        TCP conn       2         0         3          0

        UDP conn       0         0         0         0

        ARP tbl        2         0         0         0

        Xlate_Timeout  0         0         0         0

        ××× IKE upd    0         0         0         0

        ××× IPSEC upd  0         0         0         0

        ××× CTCP upd   0         0         0         0

        ××× SDI upd    0         0         0         0

        ××× DHCP upd   0         0         0         0

        Logical Update Queue Information

                       Cur    Max     Total

        Recv Q:        0      1       229

        Xmit Q:        0      2       94

在R1上回车,看连接R2的状态是否中断

R2>

R2>

R2>

R2>

R2>

<连接正常>

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